What is the primary function of ROM (read-only memory)?

The primary function of ROM, or read-only memory, is to operate the system and decode program language. ROM is non-volatile memory that retains its contents even when the power is turned off. This characteristic is essential for storing firmware or permanent software that is critical for the boot-up process of a computer or device. It contains the essential instructions required for the hardware to initialize and operate correctly, including the system's basic input/output system (BIOS) or firmware that directs how the system interacts with the hardware.

In this context, ROM differs significantly from other types of memory, such as RAM, which is volatile and loses its data upon power loss. Additionally, while ROM does not store temporary data or facilitate quick access to frequently used data in the same way that cache or RAM does, its primary purpose remains foundational to the operation and functioning of the system.